While the caudofemoralis muscle was enlarged, the epaxial muscles situated above the caudal ribs would have been proportionally smaller.
2.
Although the mechanism is not well-understood, seahorses and pipefish appear to have the ability to store energy from contraction of their epaxial muscles ( used in upward head rotation ), which they then release, resulting in extremely fast head rotation to accelerate their mouths towards unsuspecting prey.
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